Improved numerical modelling and characterization of ferromagnetic materials and their losses
Final Report Abstract
The emerging market of electrical and hybrid vehicles is boosting intensively the research in highly efficient electrical drive systems, for which in particular electrical machines are demanded with high power densities (which means: high power production with low weight motors) in wide speed ranges, and with elevated operating frequencies, typically within the range 200 Hz to 800 Hz, i.e., well above the power line frequency. For such highly efficient electrical machines there’s a strong need for an accurate estimation of iron losses and an in-depth understanding of the different loss mechanisms at play, in relatively wide operational ranges of frequency f and magnetic flux density B. Such improved understanding of iron losses occurring in the machine’s stator and rotor parts is indispensable, in order to effectively carry out electromagnetic and thermal design of electric machines. This is were the current project starts. For this purpose non-oriented electrical steel sheets are treated as multilevel structures and modeled under arbitrary excitation waveforms by means of a coupled eddycurrent lamination model with magnetic hysteresis. This mesoscale model is transfered to macroscale simulations of realistic applications by a self-developed homogenization technique. The full-fledged models prove to be a suitable tool for estimating and separating the iron losses in electrical machines by the two-dimensional finite element method. The proposed model is readily vectorial and it allows one to systematically identify the model parameters based on standard magnetic measurements, which are bound to be representative of the material, irrespective of any specific experimental condition. This is substantiated by means of comparison with measurements under arbitrary loads at quasi-static and dynamic excitations. Starting from this, the proposed model is ready for further exploitation in the finite element modeling of macroscopic devices by means of the homogenization approach developed in this project. This two-step homogenization procedure is validated for arbitrary excitations and opens up the possibility of accurately evaluating magnetic losses in real-life electrical engineering devices (such as rotating machines, transformers, actuators, and brakes). As an example, the magnetic field and power-density post-processing calculations of the fully-coupled lamination model and its homogenized approximation are compared. It is expected with this mapping of objective features at two different length-scales, it will be possible to elucidate some of the relations existing between the microstructural features of electrical steels and their operational performance. By implementing the homogeneous material model developed in this project with appropriate simulation tools, it will be possible to determine which steel grades are the most appropriate in terms of their characteristics and load of a given application. This accurate matching of microstructural features with the requirements of the final application is at present not possible.
Publications
- "A dynamical energy-based hysteresis model for iron loss calculation in laminated cores". International Journal of Numerical Modelling, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 433–443, May/June 2014
S. Steentjes , F. Henrotte , C. Geuzaine , K. Hameyer
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1931) - "Dynamic Magnetization Model of Nonoriented Steel Sheets". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1–4, April 2014
S. Steentjes , S. E. Zirka , Y. I. Moroz , E. Y. Moroz , K. Hameyer
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2013.2284357) - "Iron Loss Calculation in Steel Laminations at High Frequencies". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 333–336, February 2014
F. Henrotte , S. Steentjes , K. Hameyer , C. Geuzaine
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2013.2282830) - "Dynamic magnetization models for soft ferromagnetic materials with coarse and fine domain structures". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 394, pp. 229–236, November 2015
S. E. Zirka , Y. I. Moroz , S. Steentjes , K. Hameyer , K. Chwastek , S. Zurek , R. G. Harrison
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.06.082) - "Effects of saturation and hysteresis on magnetisation dynamics: Analysis of different material models". COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 710–723, 2015
M. Petrun , S. Steentjes , K. Hameyer , J. Ritonja , D. Dolinar
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1108/COMPEL-10-2014-0286) - "Modeling the influence of varying magnetic properties in soft magnetic materials on the hysteresis shape using the flux tube approach". Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 117, no. 17, pp. 17A708, 2015
M. Petrun , S. Steentjes , K. Hameyer , D. Dolinar
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4906956) - "Pragmatic two-step homogenisation technique for ferromagnetic laminated cores". IET Science, Measurement & Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 152–159, April 2015
F. Henrotte , S. Steentjes , K. Hameyer , C. Geuzaine
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0201) - "Effect of Parameter Identification Procedure of the Static Hysteresis Model on Dynamic Hysteresis Loop Shapes". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1–4, May 2016
S. Steentjes , K. Hameyer , D. Dolinar , M. Petrun
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2015.2511800) - "Magnetic Hysteresis at the Domain Scale of a Multi-Scale Material Model for Magneto-Elastic Behaviour". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 414, pp. 168–179, September 2016
D. Vanoost, S. Steentjes , J. Peuteman , G. Gielen , H. De G Ersem , D. P Ssoort, K. Hameyer
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.04.028) - "Model for Stress-Dependent Hysteresis in Electrical Steel Sheets Including Orthotropic Anisotropy". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–4, 2017
P. Rasilo , S. Steentjes , A. Belahcen , R. Kouhia , K. Hameyer
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2017.2659784)
