GRK 1708:  Molecular Principles of Bacterial Survival Strategies

• Subject Area: Microbiology, Virology and Immunology
• Term: from 2012 to 2021
• Project identifier: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - Project number 174858087

• Final Report Year: 2021

Final Report Abstract

The topic of this research-training group (RTG), the molecular principles of bacterial survival strategies, addressed questions of central relevance in Microbiology. In order to use beneficial bacteria or to control pathogens, we need to understand how bacteria can survive in their natural environments. Whereas classic laboratory studies cultivate bacteria under optimal conditions where they grow exponentially, in most natural settings conditions prevail that - at least transiently - supress growth, damage cells, or prevent the colonization of habitats through competing organisms or host defense-systems. This selective pressure throughout bacterial evolution resulted in highly efficient strategies that enabled bacteria to endure or overcome unfavourable conditions and remain essential to successfully occupy ecological niches and to colonize new habitats and hosts. This makes the topic of great relevance to many fields in Microbiology, in basic and applied aspects, including bacterial ecology and physiology, biotechnology or medical microbiology. Therefore, it seemed to us a perfect umbrella to combine research from these diverse fields and to create synergies and added value. During the 9 years of funding, 13 PhD students were constantly funded by the DFG and additionally one Postdoc in the second funding period. Research within the RTG focussed on two principal project areas: Projects in area A addressed survival strategies that are based on intrinsic cellular processes, in particular specific adaptations of bacterial metabolism to overcome limitations. Project area B focused on survival strategies that are based on the synthesis of bioactive compounds, enabling survival against competitors in the environment. The RTG served as a highly collaborative consortium, combining members with microbiological expertise from very diverse fields, including molecular genetics, bacterial physiology, biophysics, bioinformatics, organic chemistry, and including cutting edge technologies and rapidly evolving methods of the post-genome era. This concept led to outstanding results, which would not have been obtained without this coordinated program. To name a few examples, the RTG identified novel bioactive molecules, such as the novel antibiotic lugdunin and the intriguing herbicidal antimetabolite 7-desoxisedoheptullose. Furthermore, novel metabolic pathways for the use of toxic compounds such as polyamines were discovered, and a powerful model system was established to study bacterial persistence and the awakening of dormant cells, which identified a genetically encoded cellular program of resuscitation from dormancy. This success can be ascribed to highly motivated students, who received in depth training in the frame of the RTG study program. Overall, this RTG strongly contributed to push forward the important research field of bacterial survival strategies and had a major impact on the development of microbiological research and PhD training at the University Tübingen.

Publications

• Intracellular monitoring of target protein production in Staphylococcus aureus by peptide tag-induced reporter fluorescence. Microb. Biotechnol. 5(1):129-134
  Gauger, T., F. Weihs, Mayer, S., Krismer, B., Liese, J., Kull, M., and. Bertram, R.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00304.x)
• System wide analysis of the evolution of innate immunity in the nematode model species Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus. Plos ONE. 7(9):e44255
  Sinha, A., Rae, R., Iatsenko, I., and Sommer, R. J.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044255)
• Impaired β-defensin expression in human skin links DEFB1 promoter polymorphisms with persistent Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. J Infect Dis. 207(4):666-674
  Nurjadi, D., Herrmann, E., Hinderberger, I., Zanger, P.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis735)
• Metabolic Changes in Synechocystis PCC6803 upon Nitrogen-Starvation: Excess NADPH Sustains Polyhydroxybutyrate Accumulation. Metabolites 3(1):101-118
  Hauf, W., Schlebusch, M., Hüge, J., Kopka, J., Hagemann, M., Forchhammer, K.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo3010101)
• New Role for DCR-1/Dicer in Caenorhabditis elegans Innate Immunity against the Highly Virulent Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis DB27. Infect. Immunity. 81(10):3942–3957
  Iatsenko, I., Sinha, A., Rödelsperger, C., Sommer, R. J.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00700-13)
• Opposing effects of aminocoumarins and fluoroquinolones on the SOS response and adaptability in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimic. Chemother. 63(3): 529-538
  Schröder, W., Goerke, C. and Wolz, C.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks456)
• Prokaryotic multicellularity: a nanopore array for bacterial cell communication. FASEB J. 227(6):2293-2300
  Lehner J, Berendt S, Dörsam B, Pérez R, Forchhammer K, and Maldener I
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00700-13)
• Altering gene expression by aminocoumarins: the role of DNA supercoiling in Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Genomics. 15:291
  Schröder, W., Bernhardt, J., Marincola, G., Klein-Hitpass, L., Herbig, A., Krupp, G., Nieselt, K. and Wolz, C.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-291)
• Bacillus subtilis GS67 protects C. elegans from Gram-positive pathogens via fengycin-mediated microbial antagonism. Current Biol. 24(22):2720-2727
  Iatsenko, I., Yim, J.J., Schroeder, F.C. and Sommer, R.J.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.055)
• Bacillus thuringiensis DB27 produces two novel protoxins, Cry21Fa1 and Cry21Ha1, which act synergistically against nematodes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80(10):3266-3275
  Iatsenko, I., Boichenko, I. and Sommer, R. J.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00464-14)
• BIIL 284 reduces neutrophil numbers but increases P. aeruginosa bacteremia and inflammation in mouse lungs. J Cyst Fibros.13(2):156-163
  Döring, G., Bragonzi, A., Paroni, M., Akturk, F.F., Cigana, C., Schmidt, A., et al.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2013.10.007)
• Draft genome sequence of highly nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis DB27. Genome Announcements. 2(1):e00101-14
  Iatsenko, I., Conton, C., Pickard, D., Dougan, G. and Sommer, R. J.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/genomea.00101-14)
• Endotoxicity of lipopolysaccharide as a determinant of T-cell-mediated colitis induction in mice. Gastroenterology 146(3):765-775
  Gronbach, K., Flade, I., Holst, O., ... Autenrieth, I.B. and Frick, J.S.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.033)
• Identification of distinct Bacillus thuringiensis 4A4 nematicidal factors using the model nematodes Pristionchus pacificus and Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxins 6(7):2050-2063
  Iatsenko, I., Nikolov, A. and Sommer, R.J.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6072050)
• Neutrophil elastase-mediated increase in airway temperature during inflammation. J Cyst Fibros. 13(6):623-631
  Schmidt, A., Belaaouaj, A., Bissinger, R., ... and Döring, G.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2014.03.004)
• Identification and activation of novel biosynthetic gene clusters by genome mining in the kirromycin producer Streptomyces collinus Tü 365. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015 Oct
  Iftime, D., Kulik, A., Härtner, T., Rohrer, S., Niedermeyer, T. H. J., Stegmann, E., ... and Wohlleben, W.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-015-1685-7)
• Metabolic pathway engineering using the central signal processor PII. Microbial Cell Factories 14:192
  Watzer, B., Engelbrecht, A., Hauf, W., Stahl, M., Maldener, I. and Forchhammer, K.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-015-0384-4)
• Nitrogen Starvation Acclimation in Synechococcus elongatus: Redox-Control and the Role of Nitrate Reduction as an Electron Sink. Life. 5(1):888-904
  Klotz, A., Reinhold, E., Doello, S. and Forchhammer, K.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3390/life5010888)
• Phenotypic Heterogeneity and Temporal Expression of the Capsular Polysaccharide in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol
  George, S.E., Nguyen T., Geiger, T., Weidenmaier C., Lee JC., Liese J. and Wolz C.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.13174)
• Photoautotrophic PHB granule formation: Identification and characterization of the cyanobacterial Phasin in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Appl Environ Microbiol 81(13):4411-4422
  Hauf, W., Watzer, B., Roos, N., Klotz, A. and Forchhammer, K.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00604-15)
• Protection of phototrophic iron (II)-oxidizing bacteria from UV irradiation by biogenic iron (III) minerals: Implications for early Archean banded iron formation. Geology, G37095-7091
  Gauger, T., Konhauser, K., and Kappler, A.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1130/G37095.1)
• A. High frequency and diversity of antimicrobial activities produced by nasal Staphylococcus strains against bacterial competitors. PLoS Pathog12(8):e1005812
  Janek, D., Zipperer, A., Kulik, A., Krismer, B. and Peschel
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005812)
• Awakening of a Dormant Cyanobacterium from Nitrogen Chlorosis Reveals a Genetically Determined Program. Curr Biol
  Klotz, A. Georg, J., Bučinská, L., Watanabe, S., Reimann, V., Januszewski, W., Sobotka, R., Jendrossek, D., Hess, W.R. and Forchhammer, K.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.054)
• Clear differences in metabolic and morphological adaptations of akinetes of two Nostocales living in different habitats. Microbiology162(2):214-23
  Perez, R., Forchhammer, K. Salerno, G. and Maldener, I.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000230)
• CXCR1 Regulates Pulmonary Anti-Pseudomonas Host Defense. J Innate Immun
  Carevic, M., Oz, H., Fuchs, K., Laval, J., Schroth, C., Frey, N., Hector, A., Bilich, T., Haug, M., Schmidt, A., Autenrieth, S.E., Bucher, K., Beer-Hammer, S., Gaggar, A,. Kneilling, M., Benarafa, C., Gao, J.L., Murphy, P.M., Schwarz, S., Moepp,s B. and Hartl, D.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1159/000444125)
• Extensive mobilome-driven genome diversification in gut-associated Bacteroides vulgatus mpk. Genome Biology and Evolution
  Lange, A., Beier, S., Autenrieth, I.B., Huson, D. and Frick, J.S.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evw070)
• Human commensals producing a novel antibiotic impair pathogen colonization. Nature
  Zipperer, A., Konnerth, M.C., Laux, C., Berscheid, A., Janek, D., Weidenmaier, C., Burian, M., Schilling, N.A., Slavetinsky, C., Marschal, M., Willman, M., Kalbacher, H., Schitteck, B., Brötz-Oesterhelt, H., Grond, S., Peschel, A. and Krismer, B.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18634)
• Identification and activation of novel biosynthetic gene clusters by genome mining in the kirromycin producer Streptomyces collinus Tü 365. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 43(2-3):277-91
  Iftime, D., Kulik, A., Härtner, T., Rohrer, S., Niedermeyer, T.H.J., Stegmann, E., ... and Wohlleben, W.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-015-1685-7)
• Influence of organics and silica on Fe(II) oxidation rates and cell-mineral aggregate formation by the green-sulfur Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium Chlorobium ferrooxidans KoFox - implications for Fe(II) oxidation in ancient oceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 443, 81-89
  Gauger, T., Byrne, J.M., Konhauser, K.O., Obst, M., Crowe, S., Kappler, A.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.022)
• Interaction of the Nitrogen Regulatory Protein GlnB (PII) with Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein (BCCP) Controls Acetyl-CoA Levels in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Front Microbiol
  Hauf, W., Schmidt, K., Gerhardt, E.C.M., Huergo, L.F. and Forchhammer, K.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01700)
• Metagenomic analyses of the autotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing enrichment Culture KS. Appl Environ Microbiol 8;82(9):2656-68
  He, S., Tominski, C., Kappler, A., Behrens, S. and Roden, E.E.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.03493-15)
• Oxygen-dependent regulation of c-di-GMP synthesis by SadC controls alginate production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol
  Schmidt, A., Hammerbacher, A.S., Bastian, M., Nieken, K.J., Klockgether, J., Merighi, M., Lapouge, K., Poschgan, C., Kölle, J., Acharya, K.R., Ulrich, M., Tümmler, B., Unden, G., Kaever, V., Lory, S., Haas, D., Schwarz, S. and Döring, G.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13208)
• Peptidoglycan Recycling in Gram-Positive Bacteria Is Crucial for Survival in Stationary Phase. MBio, 11;7(5). pii: e00923-16
  Borisova, M., Gaupp, R., Duckworth, A., Schneider, A., Dalügge, D., Mühleck, M., Deubel D., Unsleber, S., Yu, W., Muth, G., Bischoff, M., Götz, F. and Mayer, C.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00923-16)
• Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Granules have no Phospholipids. Scientific Reports on May, 5 (SREP-16-09104A)
  Bresan, S., Sznajder, A., Hauf, W., Forchhammer, K., Pfeiffer, D. and Jendrossek, D.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26612)
• Post-translational Serine/Threonine Phosphorylation and Lysine Acetylation: A Novel Regulatory Aspect of the Global Nitrogen Response Regulator GlnR in S. coelicolor M145. Front Mol Biosci, 9;3:38
  Amin, R., Franz-Wachtel, M., Tiffert, Y., Heberer, M., Meky, M., Ahmed, Y., Matthews, A., Krysenko, S., Jakobi, M., Hinder, M., Moore, J., Okoniewski, N., Maček, B., Wohlleben, W. and Bera, A.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2016.00038)
• Protection of nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria from UV radiation by biogenic Fe(III) minerals. Astrobiology 16(4):301-10
  Gauger, T., Konhauser, K.O. and Kappler, A.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2015.1365)
• Symbiotic gut commensal bacteria act as host cathepsin S activity regulators. Journal of Autoimmunity 75:82-95
  Steimle, A., Gronbach, K., Beifuss, B., Schäfer, A., Harmening, R., Bender, A., Maerz, J.K., Lange, A., Michaelis, L., Maurer, A., Menz, S., McCoy, K., Autenrieth, I.B., Kalbacher, H., Frick, J.S.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2016.07.009)
• (2017) Activation of the glmS ribozyme confers bacterial growth inhibition. Chembiochem. 18(5):435-440
  Schüller A, Matzner D, Lünse CE, Wittmann V, Schumacher C, Unsleber S, Brötz- Oesterhelt H, Mayer C, Bierbaum G, Mayer G
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201600491)
• (2017) Insights into nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation mechanisms by analyzing cell-mineral associations, cell encrustation and mineralogy in the chemolithoautotrophic nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing enrichment culture KS. Applied and Environmental Microbiology
  Nordhoff, M., Tominski, C., Halama, M., Byrne, J.M., Obst, M., Kleindienst, S., Behrens, S., Kappler, A.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00752-17)
• (2017) The commensal lifestyle of Staphylococcus aureus and its interactions with the nasal microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol 15:675-687
  Krismer B, Weidenmaier C, Zipperer A, Peschel A
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.104)
• (2017) Utilization of glycerophosphodiesters by Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 103(2):229-241
  Jorge AM, Schneider J, Unsleber S, Göhring N, Mayer C, Peschel A
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.13552)
• Absence of ppGpp Leads to Increased Mobilization of Intermediately Accumulated Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) in Ralstonia eutropha H16. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017 Jul 1; 83(13)
  Jüngert, JR.; M. Borisova, C. Mayer, C. Wolz, Christopher J. Brigham, Anthony J. Sinskey, and Dieter Jendrossek
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00755-17)
• An important question: Which LPS do you use? Virulence. 2017 Nov 17;8(8):1890-1893
  Parusel R, Steimle A, Lange A, Schäfer A, Maerz JK, Bender A, Frick JS
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2017.1361100)
• Cytotoxicity assays as predictors of the safety and efficacy of antimicrobial agents. Methods Mol Biol. 1520:107-118
  Zipperer, A. and Kretschmer, D.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6634-9_6)
• Enzymatic synthesis and semi-preparative isolation of N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate. Carbohydrate Research
  Unsleber, S., Borisova, M. and Mayer, C.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2017.04.005)
• Gamma-Glutamylpolyamine Synthetase GlnA3 Is Involved in the First Step of Polyamine Degradation Pathway in Streptomyces coelicolor M145. Front Microbiol2017 Apr 25;8:726
  Krysenko, S., Okoniewski, N., Kulik, A., Matthews, A., Grimpo, J., Wohlleben, W., and Bera, A.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00726)
• Glycogen a major player for bacterial survival and awakening from dormancy. Future Microbiol12:101-104
  Klotz, A. and Forchhammer, K.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2016-0218)
• PII Protein-Derived FRET Sensors for Quantification and Live-Cell Imaging of 2-Oxoglutarate. Sci Rep 7: 1437
  Lüddecke, J., Francois, L., Spät, P., Watzer, B., Chilczuk, T., Forchhammer, K.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01440-w)
• Role of Two Cell Wall Amidases in Septal Junction and Nanopore Formation in the Multicellular Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Sep 5;7:386
  Bornikoel J, Carrión A, Fan Q, Flores E, Forchhammer K, Mariscal V, Mullineaux CW, Perez R, Silber N, Wolk CP, Maldener I.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00386)
• (2018) Recovery of the peptidoglycan turnover product released by the autolysin Atl in Staphylococcus aureus involves the phosphotransferase system transporter MurP and the novel 6-phospho- N-acetylmuramidase MupG. Front Microbiol. 9:2725
  Kluj RM, Ebner P, Adamek M, Ziemert N, Mayer C, Borisova M
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02725)
• 2018 Microbial anaerobic Fe(II) oxidation – Ecology, mechanisms and environmental implications. Environmental Microbiology 20(10), 3462–3483
  ryce, Cc, Nia Blackwell, Caroline Schmidt, Julia Otte, YM. Huang, Sara Kleindienst, Elizabeth Tomaszewski, Manuel Schad, Viola Warter, Chao Peng, James M. Byrne, A. Kappler
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14328)
• 2018. A specific glycogen mobilization strategy enables awakening of dormant cyanobacteria from chlorosis. Plant Physiology
  Doello, Sofia, Alexander Klotz, Alexander Makowka, Kirstin Gutekunst, Karl Forchhammer
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.00297)
• 2018. ATP-binding cassette transporters of the multicellular cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120: a wide variety for a complex lifestyle, FEMS Microbiology Letters, Volume 365, Issue 4
  Shvarev, D., I. Maldener
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fny012)
• 2018. Chlorosis as a developmental program in cyanobacteria: the proteomic fundament for survival and awakening. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 17 (9) 1650-1669
  Spät, P, A. Klotz, Sascha Rexroth, Boris Maček and K. Forchhammer
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.RA118.000699)
• 2018. Growth and population dynamics of the anaerobic FeII-oxidizing and nitrate-reducing enrichment culture KS. Appl Environ Microbiol 84:e02173-17
  Tominski C, Heyer H, LösekannBehrens T, Behrens S, Kappler A
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02173-17)
• 2018. Insights into carbon metabolism provided by fluorescence in situ hybridization-secondary-ion mass spectrometry imaging of an autotrophic, nitrate-reducing, FeII-oxidizing enrichment culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 84:e02166-17
  Tominski C, Lösekann-Behrens T, Ruecker A, Hagemann N, Kleindienst S, Mueller CW, Höschen C, Kögel-Knabner I, Kappler A, Behrens S
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02166-17)
• 2018. Ralstonia eutropha's Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB) polymerase PhaC1 and PHB depolymerase PhaZa1 are phosphorylated in vivo. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, AEM.00604–18
  Jüngert, J. R., Patterson, C., & Jendrossek, D.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00604-18)
• 2018. Recovery of the Peptidoglycan turnover product released by the autolysin Atl in Staphylococcus aureus involves the phosphotransferase system transporter MurP and the novel 6-phospho- N-acetylmuramidase MupG. Front Microbiol.9:2725
  Kluj RM, Ebner P, Adamek M, Ziemert N, Mayer C, Borisova M
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02725)
• 2018. Staphylococcus aureus counters phosphate limitation by scavenging wall teichoic acids from other staphylococci via the teichoicase GlpQ. J Biol Chem. 293(38):14916-14924
  Jorge AM, Schneider J, Unsleber S, Xia G, Mayer C, Peschel A
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.004584)
• 2018. The ABC Transporter Components HgdB and HgdC are Important for Glycolipid Layer Composition and Function of Heterocysts in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Life 8, 26
  Shvarev, D.; Nishi, C.N.; Wörmer, L.; Maldener, I.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3390/life8030026)
• A highly asynchronous developmental program triggered during germination of dormant akinetes of filamentous diazotrophic cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2018 Jan 1;94(1)
  Perez R, Wörmer L, Sass P, Maldener I
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fix131)
• Galleria mellonella: A Novel Invertebrate Model to Distinguish Intestinal Symbionts From Pathobionts. Front Immunol. 2018 Sep 19;9:2114
  Lange A, Schäfer A, Bender A, Steimle A, Beier S, Parusel R, Frick JS
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02114)
• Genome Sequence of Galleria mellonella (Greater Wax Moth). Genome Announc. 2018 Jan 11;6(2). pii: e01220-17
  Lange A, Beier S, Huson DH, Parusel R, Iglauer F, Frick JS
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/genomea.01220-17)
• Outer membrane vesicles blebbing contributes to B. vulgatus mpk-mediated immune response silencing. Gut Microbes. 2018 Jan 2;9(1):1-12
  Maerz JK, Steimle A, Lange A, Bender A, Fehrenbacher B, Frick JS
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2017.1344810)
• (2019) Bacteria's different ways to recycle their own cell wall. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 309(7):151326
  Mayer C, Kluj RM, Mühleck M, Walter A, Unsleber S, Hottmann I, Borisova M
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.06.006)
• (2019) Staphylococcus aureus Colonization of the Human Nose and Interaction with Other Microbiome Members. Microbiol Spectr 7(2)
  Laux C, Peschel A, Krismer B
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0029-2018)
• (2019): Cyanobacterial antimetabolite 7-deoxy-sedoheptulose blocks the shikimate pathway to inhibit the growth of prototrophic organisms. Nature Communications 10 (1), p. 545
  Brilisauer, K., J. Rapp, P. Rath; A. Schöllhorn; L. Bleul; E. Weiß; S. Grond & K. Forchhammer
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08476-8)
• (2019): Function and regulation of Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acids and capsular polysaccharides. Int J Med Microbiol. 2019 Jul 18:151333
  Keinhörster D, George SE, Weidenmaier C, Wolz C
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151333)
• (2019): Initial Metabolic Step of a Novel Ethanolamine Utilization Pathway and Its Regulation in Streptomyces coelicolor M145. MBio. 2019 May 21;10(3)
  Krysenko S, Matthews A, Okoniewski N, Kulik A, Girbas MG, Tsypik O, Meyners CS, Hausch F, Wohlleben W, Bera A.
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00326-19)
• (2019): Oxidative stress drives the selection of quorum sensing mutants in the Staphylococcus aureus population. PNAS 2019 Sep 17;116(38):19145- 19154
  George SE, Hrubesch J, Breuing I, Vetter N, Korn N, Hennemann K, Bleul L, Willmann M, Ebner P, Götz F, Wolz C
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902752116)
• (2019): PHB is Produced from Glycogen Turn-over during Nitrogen Starvation in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 20;20(8). pii: E1942
  Koch M, Doello S, Gutekunst K, Forchhammer K
  (See online at https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081942)
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